The Ciao Prolog System

• Summary
• Introduction
  • About this manual
  • About the Ciao Prolog development system
  • ISO-Prolog compliance versus extensibility
  • About the name of the System
  • Syntax terminology and notational conventions
    • Predicates and their components
    • Characters and character strings
    • Predicate specs
    • Modes
    • Properties and types
    • Declarations
    • Operators
  • A tour of the manual
    • PART I - The program development environment
    • PART II - The Ciao basic language (engine)
    • PART III - ISO-Prolog library (iso)
    • PART IV - Classic Prolog library (classic)
    • PART V - Annotated Prolog library (assertions)
    • PART VI - Ciao Prolog library miscellanea
    • PART VII - Ciao Prolog extensions
    • PART VIII - Interfaces to other languages and systems
    • PART IX - Abstract data types
    • PART X - Miscellaneous standalone utilities
    • PART XI - Contributed libraries
    • PART XII - Appendices
  • Acknowledgments
  • Version/Change Log (ciao)
• Getting started on Un*x-like machines
  • Testing your Ciao Un*x installation
    • Un*x user setup
  • Using Ciao from a Un*x command shell
    • Starting/exiting the top-level shell (Un*x)
    • Getting help (Un*x)
    • Compiling and running programs (Un*x)
    • Generating executables (Un*x)
    • Running Ciao scripts (Un*x)
    • The Ciao initialization file (Un*x)
    • Printing manuals (Un*x)
  • An introduction to the Ciao emacs environment (Un*x)
  • Keeping up to date (Un*x)
• Getting started on Windows machines
  • Testing your Ciao Win32 installation
  • Using Ciao from the Windows explorer and command shell
    • Starting/exiting the top-level shell (Win32)
    • Getting help (Win32)
    • Compiling and running programs (Win32)
    • Generating executables (Win32)
    • Running Ciao scripts (Win32)
    • The Ciao initialization file (Win32)
    • Printing manuals (Win32)
  • An introduction to the Ciao emacs environment (Win32)
  • Keeping up to date (Win32)
• PART I - The program development environment
• The stand-alone command-line compiler
  • Introduction to building executables
  • Paths used by the compiler during compilation
  • Running executables from the command line
  • Types of executables generated
  • Environment variables used by Ciao executables
  • Intermediate files in the compilation process
  • Usage (ciaoc)
• The interactive top-level shell
  • Shell invocation and startup
  • Shell interaction
  • Entering recursive (conjunctive) shell levels
  • Usage and interface (ciaosh)
  • Documentation on exports (ciaosh)
  • Documentation on internals (ciaosh)
• The interactive debugger
  • Marking modules and files for debugging in the top-level debugger
  • The debugging process
  • Marking modules and files for debugging with the embedded debugger
  • The procedure box control flow model
  • Format of debugging messages
  • Options available during debugging
  • Calling predicates that are not exported by a module
  • Acknowledgements
• Predicates controlling the interactive debugger
  • Usage and interface (debugger)
  • Documentation on exports (debugger)
  • Documentation on internals (debugger)
• The script interpreter
  • How it works
  • Command line arguments in scripts
• Customizing library paths and path aliases
  • Usage and interface (libpaths)
  • Documentation on exports (libpaths)
  • Documentation on multifiles (libpaths)
• Using Ciao inside GNU emacs
  • Conventions for writing Ciao programs under Emacs
  • Checking the installation
  • Functionality and associated key sequences (bindings)
    • Syntax coloring and syntax based editors
    • Getting on-line help
    • Loading and compiling programs
    • Locating errors and checking the syntax of assertions
    • Commands which help in typing in programs
    • Debugging programs
    • Preprocessing programs
    • Version control
    • Generating program documentation
    • Setting the top-level, preprocessor, and documenter executables
    • Traditional Prolog Mode Commands
    • Other commands
    • Getting the Ciao/Prolog mode version
  • Commands available in toplevel and preprocessor buffers
  • Using Ciao/Prolog mode capabilities in standard shells
  • Coexistence with other Prolog interfaces
  • Customization
    • Ciao variables
    • CiaoPP variables
    • LPdoc variables
  • Installation of the Ciao/Prolog emacs interface
  • Emacs version compatibility
  • Acknowledgments (ciao.el)
• PART II - The Ciao basic language (engine)
• The module system
  • Usage and interface (modules)
  • Documentation on internals (modules)
• Directives for using code in other files
  • Usage and interface (loading_code)
  • Documentation on internals (loading_code)
• Control constructs/predicates
  • Usage and interface (basiccontrol)
  • Documentation on exports (basiccontrol)
  • Documentation on internals (basiccontrol)
• Basic builtin directives
  • Usage and interface (builtin_directives)
  • Documentation on internals (builtin_directives)
• Basic data types and properties
  • Usage and interface (basic_props)
  • Documentation on exports (basic_props)
• Extra-logical properties for typing
  • Usage and interface (term_typing)
  • Documentation on exports (term_typing)
• Basic term manipulation
  • Usage and interface (term_basic)
  • Documentation on exports (term_basic)
• Comparing terms
  • Usage and interface (term_compare)
  • Documentation on exports (term_compare)
• Basic predicates handling names of constants
  • Usage and interface (atomic_basic)
  • Documentation on exports (atomic_basic)
• Arithmetic
  • Usage and interface (arithmetic)
  • Documentation on exports (arithmetic)
• Basic input/output
  • Usage and interface (io_basic)
  • Documentation on exports (io_basic)
• Basic file/stream handling
  • Usage and interface (streams_basic)
  • Documentation on exports (streams_basic)
  • Documentation on multifiles (streams_basic)
• Exception handling
  • Usage and interface (exceptions)
  • Documentation on exports (exceptions)
• Fast/concurrent update of facts
  • Usage and interface (data_facts)
  • Documentation on exports (data_facts)
  • Documentation on internals (data_facts)
• Changing system behaviour and various flags
  • Usage and interface (prolog_flags)
  • Documentation on exports (prolog_flags)
  • Documentation on multifiles (prolog_flags)
• Low-level concurrency/multithreading primitives
  • Usage and interface (concurrency)
  • Documentation on exports (concurrency)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (concurrency)
• Extending the syntax
  • Usage and interface (syntax_extensions)
  • Documentation on internals (syntax_extensions)
• Message printing primitives
  • Usage and interface (io_aux)
  • Documentation on exports (io_aux)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (io_aux)
• Attributed variables
  • Usage and interface (attributes)
  • Documentation on exports (attributes)
• Gathering some basic internal info
  • Usage and interface (system_info)
  • Documentation on exports (system_info)
  • Documentation on internals (system_info)
• PART III - ISO-Prolog library (iso)
• ISO-Prolog package
  • Usage and interface (iso)
• Standard operators
  • Usage and interface (operators)
  • Documentation on exports (operators)
• All solutions predicates
  • Usage and interface (aggregates)
  • Documentation on exports (aggregates)
• Dynamic predicates
  • Usage and interface (dynamic)
  • Documentation on exports (dynamic)
  • Documentation on multifiles (dynamic)
• iso_byte_char (library)
  • Usage and interface (iso_byte_char)
  • Documentation on exports (iso_byte_char)
• iso_incomplete (library)
  • Usage and interface (iso_incomplete)
  • Documentation on exports (iso_incomplete)
• iso_misc (library)
  • Usage and interface (iso_misc)
  • Documentation on exports (iso_misc)
• Term input
  • Usage and interface (read)
  • Documentation on exports (read)
• Structured stream handling
  • Usage and interface (streams)
  • Documentation on exports (streams)
• Term output
  • Usage and interface (write)
  • Documentation on exports (write)
  • Documentation on multifiles (write)
• PART IV - Classic Prolog library (classic)
• Classic Prolog package
  • Usage and interface (classic)
• Definite clause grammars
  • Usage and interface (dcg)
• Definite clause grammars (expansion)
  • Usage and interface (dcg_expansion)
  • Documentation on exports (dcg_expansion)
• Quintus-like internal database
  • Usage and interface (old_database)
  • Documentation on exports (old_database)
• List processing
  • Usage and interface (lists)
  • Documentation on exports (lists)
• Sorting lists
  • Usage and interface (sort)
  • Documentation on exports (sort)
  • Documentation on internals (sort)
• Dictionaries
  • Usage and interface (dict)
  • Documentation on exports (dict)
• String processing
  • Usage and interface (strings)
  • Documentation on exports (strings)
  • Documentation on internals (strings)
• DEC-10 Prolog file IO
  • Usage and interface (dec10_io)
  • Documentation on exports (dec10_io)
• Formatted output
  • Usage and interface (format)
  • Documentation on exports (format)
• ttyout (library)
  • Usage and interface (ttyout)
  • Documentation on exports (ttyout)
• dynmods (library)
  • Usage and interface (dynmods)
  • Documentation on exports (dynmods)
• runtime_ops (library)
  • Usage and interface (runtime_ops)
• PART V - Annotated Prolog library (assertions)
• The Ciao assertion package
  • More info
  • Some attention points
  • Usage and interface (assertions)
  • Documentation on new declarations (assertions)
  • Documentation on exports (assertions)
• Types and properties related to assertions
  • Usage and interface (assertions_props)
  • Documentation on exports (assertions_props)
• Declaring regular types
  • Defining properties
  • Usage and interface (regtypes)
  • Documentation on new declarations (regtypes)
• Properties which are native to analyzers
  • Usage and interface (native_props)
  • Documentation on exports (native_props)
• Meta-properties
  • Usage and interface (meta_props)
  • Documentation on exports (meta_props)
  • Documentation on multifiles (meta_props)
  • Documentation on internals (meta_props)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (meta_props)
• ISO-Prolog modes
  • Usage and interface (isomodes)
  • Documentation on new modes (isomodes)
• Classical Prolog modes
  • Usage and interface (basicmodes)
  • Documentation on new modes (basicmodes)
• Run-time checking of assertions
  • Usage and interface (rtchecks)
  • Documentation on multifiles (rtchecks)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (rtchecks)
• PART VI - Ciao Prolog library miscellanea
• Operating system utilities
  • Usage and interface (system)
  • Documentation on exports (system)
• Prolog system internal predicates
  • Usage and interface (prolog_sys)
  • Documentation on exports (prolog_sys)
  • Documentation on internals (prolog_sys)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (prolog_sys)
• ctrlcclean (library)
  • Usage and interface (ctrlcclean)
  • Documentation on exports (ctrlcclean)
• errhandle (library)
  • Usage and interface (errhandle)
  • Documentation on exports (errhandle)
• Fast Reading and Writing of Terms
  • Usage and interface (fastrw)
  • Documentation on exports (fastrw)
• File name manipulation
  • Usage and interface (filenames)
  • Documentation on exports (filenames)
• file_utils (library)
  • Usage and interface (file_utils)
  • Documentation on exports (file_utils)
• file_locks (library)
  • Usage and interface (file_locks)
  • Documentation on exports (file_locks)
• terms (library)
  • Usage and interface (terms)
  • Documentation on exports (terms)
• tokenize (library)
  • Usage and interface (tokenize)
  • Documentation on exports (tokenize)
  • Documentation on multifiles (tokenize)
• Printing status and error messages
  • Usage and interface (messages)
  • Documentation on exports (messages)
  • Documentation on multifiles (messages)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (messages)
• A simple pretty-printer for Ciao programs
  • Usage and interface (pretty_print)
  • Documentation on exports (pretty_print)
  • Documentation on internals (pretty_print)
• Pretty-printing assertions
  • Usage and interface (assrt_write)
  • Documentation on exports (assrt_write)
• The Ciao library browser
  • Usage and interface (librowser)
  • Documentation on exports (librowser)
  • Documentation on internals (librowser)
• Code translation utilities
  • Usage and interface (expansion_tools)
  • Documentation on exports (expansion_tools)
  • Documentation on internals (expansion_tools)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (expansion_tools)
• conc_aggregates (library)
  • Usage and interface (conc_aggregates)
  • Documentation on exports (conc_aggregates)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (conc_aggregates)
• davinci (library)
  • Usage and interface (davinci)
  • Documentation on exports (davinci)
• PART VII - Ciao Prolog extensions
• Pure Prolog package
  • Usage and interface (pure)
• argnames (library)
  • Usage and interface (argnames)
• Independent and-parallel execution
  • Usage and interface (andprolog)
  • Documentation on exports (andprolog)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (andprolog)
• functions (library)
  • Usage and interface (functions)
• Some Higher-Order Predicates
  • Usage and interface (hiord)
  • Documentation on exports (hiord)
• global (library)
  • Usage and interface (global)
  • Documentation on exports (global)
• Miscellaneous predicates
  • Usage and interface (odd)
  • Documentation on exports (odd)
• Delaying predicates (freeze)
  • Usage and interface (freeze)
  • Documentation on exports (freeze)
  • Documentation on multifiles (freeze)
• actmods (library)
  • Usage and interface (actmods)
• Breadth-first execution
  • Usage and interface (bf)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (bf)
• Iterative-deepening execution
  • Usage and interface (id)
• Constraint programming over rationals
  • Usage and interface (clpq)
  • Other information (clpq)
    • Some CLP(Q) examples
• Constraint programming over reals
  • Usage and interface (clpr)
  • Other information (clpr)
    • Some CLP(R) examples
• Object oriented programming
  • Early examples
  • Recommendations on when to use objects
  • Limitations on object usage
• Declaring classes and interfaces
  • Usage and interface (class)
  • Documentation on new declarations (class)
  • Documentation on exports (class)
  • Other information (class)
    • Class and Interface error reporting at compile time
    • Class and Interface error reporting at run time
    • Normal Prolog module system interaction
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (class)
• Compile-time usage of objects
  • Usage and interface (objects)
  • Documentation on new declarations (objects)
  • Other information (objects)
    • Error reporting at compile time (objects)
    • Error reporting at run time (objects)
• Run time usage of objects
  • Usage and interface (objects_rt)
  • Documentation on exports (objects_rt)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (objects_rt)
• PART VIII - Interfaces to other languages and systems
• foreign_interface (library)
  • Usage and interface (foreign_interface)
  • Documentation on new declarations (foreign_interface)
  • Documentation on exports (foreign_interface)
• Utilities for on-demand compilation of foreign files
  • Usage and interface (foreign_compilation)
  • Documentation on exports (foreign_compilation)
• The socket interface
  • Usage and interface (sockets)
  • Documentation on exports (sockets)
• The tcl/tk interface
  • Usage and interface (tcltk)
  • Documentation on exports (tcltk)
• Connecting with the Web (PiLLoW)
  • Usage and interface (pillow)
• html (library)
  • Usage and interface (html)
  • Documentation on exports (html)
• http (library)
  • Usage and interface (http)
  • Documentation on exports (http)
• Persistent predicate database
  • Introduction to persistent predicates
  • Persistent predicates, files, and relational databases
  • Using file-based persistent predicates
  • Implementation Issues
  • Using persistent predicates from the top level
  • Usage and interface (persdbrt)
  • Documentation on exports (persdbrt)
  • Documentation on multifiles (persdbrt)
  • Documentation on internals (persdbrt)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (persdbrt)
• Using the persdb library
  • An example of persistent predicates (static version)
  • An example of persistent predicates (dynamic version)
  • A simple application / a persistent queue
• SQL persistent database interface
  • Implementation of the Database Interface
  • Example(s)
  • Usage and interface (persdbrtsql)
  • Documentation on exports (persdbrtsql)
  • Documentation on multifiles (persdbrtsql)
  • Documentation on internals (persdbrtsql)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (persdbrtsql)
• Prolog to SQL translator
  • Usage and interface (pl2sql)
  • Documentation on exports (pl2sql)
  • Documentation on multifiles (pl2sql)
  • Documentation on internals (pl2sql)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (pl2sql)
• Low-level socket interface to SQL/ODBC databases
  • Usage and interface (db_client)
  • Documentation on exports (db_client)
  • Documentation on internals (db_client)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (db_client)
• Low-level Prolog to Java interface
  • Low-Level Prolog to Java Interface Structure
    • Prolog side
    • Java side
  • Java event handling from Prolog
  • Java exception handling from Prolog
  • Usage and interface (javart)
  • Documentation on exports (javart)
• Low-level Java to Prolog interface
  • Usage and interface (jtopl)
  • Documentation on exports (jtopl)
  • Documentation on internals (jtopl)
• Low-level Prolog to Java socket connection
  • Usage and interface (javasock)
  • Documentation on exports (javasock)
• Calling emacs from Prolog
  • Usage and interface (emacs)
  • Documentation on exports (emacs)
• linda (library)
  • Usage and interface (linda)
  • Documentation on exports (linda)
• PART IX - Abstract data types
• atom2term (library)
  • Usage and interface (atom2term)
  • Documentation on exports (atom2term)
• counters (library)
  • Usage and interface (counters)
  • Documentation on exports (counters)
• Identity lists
  • Usage and interface (idlists)
  • Documentation on exports (idlists)
• Term manipulation
  • Usage and interface (metaterms)
  • Documentation on exports (metaterms)
• Lists of numbers
  • Usage and interface (numlists)
  • Documentation on exports (numlists)
• Pattern (regular expression) matching
  • Usage and interface (patterns)
  • Documentation on exports (patterns)
• Graphs
  • Usage and interface (graphs)
  • Documentation on exports (graphs)
  • Documentation on internals (graphs)
• Unweighted graph-processing utilities
  • Usage and interface (ugraphs)
  • Documentation on exports (ugraphs)
• wgraphs (library)
  • Usage and interface (wgraphs)
  • Documentation on exports (wgraphs)
• Labeled graph-processing utilities
  • Usage and interface (lgraphs)
  • Documentation on exports (lgraphs)
• queues (library)
  • Usage and interface (queues)
  • Documentation on exports (queues)
• Random numbers
  • Usage and interface (random)
  • Documentation on exports (random)
• sets (library)
  • Usage and interface (sets)
  • Documentation on exports (sets)
• Variable name dictionaries
  • Usage and interface (vndict)
  • Documentation on exports (vndict)
• PART X - Miscellaneous standalone utilities
• Printing the declarations and code in a file
  • Usage (fileinfo)
  • More detailed explanation of options (fileinfo)
• Printing the contents of a bytecode file
  • Usage (viewpo)
• Crossed-references of a program
• Gathering the dependent files for a file
  • Usage (get_deps)
• Finding differences between two Prolog files
  • Usage (pldiff)
  • Known bugs and planned improvements (pldiff)
• The Ciao lpmake scripting facility
• Find out which architecture we are running on
  • Usage (ciao_get_arch)
  • More details
• PART XI - Contributed libraries
• mycin (library)
  • Usage and interface (mycin)
  • Documentation on exports (mycin)
• PART XII - Appendices
• Installing Ciao from the source distribution
  • Un*x installation summary
  • Un*x full installation instructions
  • Checking for correct installation on Un*x
  • Cleaning up the source directory
  • Multiarchitecture support
  • Installation and compilation under Windows
  • Porting to currently unsupported operating systems
  • Troubleshooting (nasty messages and nifty workarounds)
• Installing Ciao from a Win32 binary distribution
• Beyond installation
  • Architecture-specific notes and limitations
  • Keeping up to date with the Ciao users mailing list
  • Downloading new versions
  • Reporting bugs
• References
• Library/Module Definition Index
• Predicate/Method Definition Index
• Property Definition Index
• Regular Type Definition Index
• Declaration Definition Index
• Concept Definition Index
• Global Index

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